A+ Glossary

The main processor that executes instructions and performs calculations. Also called the "brain" of the computer.

Temporary storage that holds data and programs currently in use. Data is lost when power is removed (volatile memory).

The main circuit board that connects all components of a computer system including CPU, RAM, expansion slots, and connectors.

Converts AC power from wall outlet to DC power used by computer components. Provides stable voltage to all system parts.

Storage device using flash memory with no moving parts. Faster, more reliable, and consumes less power than traditional hard drives.

Specialized processor designed to handle graphics rendering and parallel computing tasks. Essential for gaming and video processing.

Firmware that initializes hardware during boot process and provides runtime services for OS and programs.

Modern replacement for BIOS with enhanced security features, faster boot times, and support for larger drives.

Software that allows the operating system to communicate with specific hardware components like printers, graphics cards, or network adapters.

System software that manages computer hardware and software resources, providing services for computer programs.

Malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Includes viruses, trojans, and spyware.

Low-level software stored in non-volatile memory that provides basic operational control for hardware devices.

Unique numerical identifier assigned to each device on a network, used for communication and routing data packets.

Network service that automatically assigns IP addresses and network configuration to client devices.

System that translates human-readable domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses that computers use.

Security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

Network device that forwards data packets between computer networks, typically connecting local networks to the internet.

Device that connects devices on a computer network using packet switching to receive, process, and forward data.

Process of converting readable data into coded form to prevent unauthorized access. Only those with the decryption key can read it.

Process of verifying the identity of a user or device, typically through passwords, biometrics, or security tokens.

Cyber attack that tricks users into revealing sensitive information by impersonating legitimate organizations via email or websites.

Encrypted connection over the internet that provides secure access to private networks from remote locations.

Program designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software from computer systems.

Process of creating copies of data to protect against data loss due to hardware failure, corruption, or cyber attacks.

Standard interface for connecting peripherals to computers. Provides data transfer and power delivery capabilities.

High-speed expansion card interface standard for connecting components like graphics cards and SSDs to motherboards.

Interface standard for connecting storage devices like hard drives and SSDs to motherboards.

Technology that combines multiple disk drives into a single unit for improved performance, reliability, or both.

Text-based interface for interacting with computer systems by typing commands rather than using graphical elements.

Visual interface that allows users to interact with software using icons, windows, and menus instead of text commands.